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Creatine

Also: creatine monohydrate
Last scientific update: jun 2026

Creatine is a compound the body makes from amino acids that supplies fast energy to muscles and the brain. As a supplement, usually monohydrate, it is one of the best-studied options for muscle strength and mass.

Creatine at a glance

WorksYes, for muscle strengthStrong
PossiblyCognitionPreliminary
SafeYes, in healthy peopleStrong
Dose3 to 5 g per day

Creatine is one of the best-studied supplements for muscle strength and mass.

38 studies6 answersupdated jun 2026
Evidence per claim
More muscle strength and mass, together with strength training
View evidence →
Strong
Preserving muscle mass in older adults
View evidence →
Moderate
Better memory or thinking
View evidence →
Preliminary
Stronger bones in older adults
View evidence →
Limited
Safe for the kidneys in healthy people
Strong
Practical use

For whom

People who want to build or preserve muscle strength and mass, especially from age 50 combined with strength training. Also relevant for vegetarians and vegans, who naturally get less creatine from food.

Not for whom

People with kidney disease only after consulting a doctor. During pregnancy there is little research, so be cautious.

Usual dose

3 to 5 grams of creatine monohydrate per day. A loading phase is not needed.

Key caveats

Works mainly together with strength training. A small weight gain from water in the muscles is normal. Choose monohydrate, the best-studied form.

What we know, and don't

Known

Clearly improves strength and muscle mass, together with training
Works best as monohydrate, 3 to 5 grams per day
Safe with healthy kidneys at normal doses

Not yet

Whether memory truly improves in healthy people
The best dose for the brain
The long-term effect on bones
Common misconceptions
"Creatine is an anabolic steroid."
False. A natural compound from amino acids, not a hormone.Strong evidence
"It is bad for your kidneys."
Not shown. In healthy people at normal doses.Strong evidence
"Only for bodybuilders."
False. Also for older adults, muscle preservation and possibly the brain.Moderate evidence
"You must do a loading phase."
Not needed. Daily 3 to 5 grams fills the stores too.Moderate evidence
How Creatine connects
Conditions
Data sources

Wikidata Q412403 · MeSH D003401 · DrugBank DB00148

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